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16. February 2010

The Disposable PC.

Filed under: Linux, Microsoft — admin @ 10:20

I was just having a conversation with a colleague when we had gotten to the topic of the disposable PC.  If you are not familiar with the concept, this post will highlight the details below. When I first dabbled with computers back in the late 80’s, it was an Apple. We didn’t own it. It was available at the local school in the school’s computer lab of no more than 25-30 computers. They were running the Apple IIe and even though they were outdated at the time, they didn’t have the finances to upgrade the systems. By the time the 90’s hit I was already well acquainted with Macintosh line of PCs but again our family didn’t own any. All computers were just too expensive. At around 1995 (maybe a little earlier) our family dropped nearly $2,000 (USD) into a Packard Bell (rated as one of the worst PCs of all time). I am going off of memory but it ran no more than 70 MHz (Intel Pentium) and had no more than 8 or 16 MBytes of EDO RAM. I don’t remember the hard drive space, although I believe it was 2 GBytes supplied from one of the old school big foot drives. The PC came with Windows 3.11 but was soon later upgraded to Windows 95.

Note that I still use those big foot drives. I actually have a few scattered around the house and are used as door stops. It is all about recycling old computer equipment.

So there you have it, that is what almost $2000 bought you. So when you had a problem with your PC, you spent the money to fix. That is you bought all the necessary software or paid the appropriate technicians to handle all of the work. The PC was an investment and you were not going to drop it for anything else.

Flash forward to the year 2001, when Windows XP was released. A decent computer could be purchased as low as $700 USD. That included a licensed copy of Windows XP. Flash forward to the present when mobility is a constant demand, and a decent notebook or even netbook could be purchased at $500 USD. Obviously thanks to manufacturers such as Intel, AMD among others, the prices for hardware components have dropped significantly. It is very affordable to acquire the necessary equipment and has gotten easier to set it up in a home or anywhere else.

When I write about the disposable PC, blame for the creation and maintaining of such a culture does not belong to a single entity. It has gotten to the point where hardware has become so cheap that whenever someone who lacks any real technical knowledge comes across a computing problem (whether it be hardware or software related) has no problem running out and purchasing a new replacement. Microsoft and retail stores add to this culture.

For instance, what happens when you (a non-technical person) are prompted with a bunch of error dialog boxes, a virus or a system crash? If you do not personally know anybody who can fix it, you will take it in to a retail store that offers PC repair services, such as Best Buy. The only reason why I pick on Best Buy is not because I harbor any negative feelings toward them (they are a business selling services and products) but instead because in the late 90’s to around 2001/2 I used to work for them and was familiar with the processes and routines when it came to PC repair.

Note that prices may have changed since then.

To diagnose a PC, it was $60. We would not have repaired the PC, even if the problem was apparent unless this diagnostics fee was paid in full. This $60 was never applied toward any other repairs either. So if we came back saying that your hard drive went bad and you need to replace it and reinstall the OS, you looked at spending another $120 for a hard drive, $60 to re image Windows followed by another $20 or more to install all Windows Updates and/or any other applications or device drivers. Add another $60 if we were able to salvage data from your old hard drive and transfer it to the new one. At times you were looking to spend over $320 for repairing a PC. This could have been more than half the price of buying a new PC. So why invest into something that is already outdated? And if the service prices have increased since then, then what is the point when you can spend $400 or less and get a netbook with a Linux distribution or Windows 7 pre-installed?

Some of you may be asking: how does Microsoft fit into this? Deep down, I believe that more than half of the problems in Windows are intentional primarily because Microsoft (and good for them) is a money making machine. In order for them to make money, the people that sell and repair their products have to make money. I am pretty sure that if Microsoft wanted to invest the time and money to create the most secure and stable operating system, they could. They don’t have idiots working for them. I think it is that “if you scratch my back, I will scratch yours mentality.” It also doesn’t help that whenever a call is placed to a support center or when a PC is brought into a repair shop, the solution usually given by the technician is to re-image Windows. If I have a virus, why can’t you just remove the virus and I will be on my way?

I, as many of my readers, on the other hand know better and choose to rely on something a lot more stable and secure with (insert flavor of Linux or UNIX here). Why be bothered with constantly having to maintain or repair your OS. Sometimes you just need things to work. Maybe that is why you read stories about how repair shops such as Best Buy’s will refuse the repair of a computing device if you are not running a version of Windows. They probably don’t see any money it.

19. December 2009

Updates.

Filed under: OpenSolaris, Red Hat, Ubuntu, Linux, Misc. — admin @ 11:04

Well, it has been 23 days or so since my last update. Things have been a bit hectic. For instance, I am spending all of my free time in a start-up company intended to cater to the data storage industry. My business partner and I have a few commitments with a couple of technology partners to deliver a data storage management suite. Other time is being spent in writing a book for No Starch Press on OpenSolaris. The book is outlined for 12 chapters and the first 3 have already been submitted to the publisher.

Some other exciting stuff taking up free time is that my wife is expecting our first born this January. Between now and then, our baby daughter can show up into this world, so we are on high alert. Although so far, all is looking well.

I have also spent some time playing around with Ubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala. It had been installed on my wife’s laptop and we have yet to see any problems or concerns. It was a brand new Sony Vaio laptop and all hardware was recognized without an issue. The operating system runs extremely quick and very smooth. Note that she is coming from the LTS Hardy Heron release, so there are some noticeable changes to her.

I must admit that Canonical is doing a great job with this distribution and I look forward to the next LTS release. I am even thinking of making a permanent switch from Fedora Linux to Ubuntu Linux. Please do not misunderstand me. I enjoy Fedora and have always been a fan. The thing with Fedora is that it is a bleeding edge technology distribution and things have a tendency to break every now and then. I have found myself with less time to go in and address those issues. Although it will not stop me from running a stable installation of RHAS on my Intel servers.

Going back to Ubuntu 9.10, while I find the integration of Plymouth a bit redundant in splash screens (one traditional and one in X; the second after an early initialization into X), one thing that I am really impressed and intrigued by is the integration of Upstart. Upstart reminds me so much of the Service Management Facility (SMF) found in Solaris/OpenSolaris as it shares some of the same basic functionality. It is Upstart that helps to speed up the boot process while also offering a nice and uniform service manager to replace the traditional init daemon. It is just amazing to see my wife’s laptop get to the desktop within 25 seconds from post. Some other positives I saw were in the addition of the Ubuntu Software Center and Ubuntu One cloud-based storage service.

Most of my recent computing hours have been spent in OpenSolaris anyways. Most of it is in development of the earlier mentioned application suite while also using it for the OpenSolaris book. The 2010.02 release is really looking good as I have been playing with build 128. It is currently installed on my Asus Eee 901 and also running on one of my 1U Sun Fire Intel servers. I even took the time to really tune the OS on the netbook and it is running fairly well. That includes, disabling unnecessary services, customizing the CPU configuration (modify the cpupm option to read the following in the /etc/power.conf file: cpupm enable poll-mode) file to utilize less power, enable ZFS compression and disabling ZFS atime updates. I even took the time to enable a RAM-based mounted file system for Firefox caching.

Nothing else new to really report but I am looking forward to the coming year and the future of some of these open source projects. Part of that is the excitement is Linux in the mobile computing industry. Linux had always had a good market share in the mobile industry. There just seems to be more excitement around Google’s Android and in turn Chrome OS.

26. November 2009

Linux Magazine Article: Three Simple Tweaks for Better SSD Performance

Filed under: Storage, Red Hat, File Systems, Ubuntu, Linux — admin @ 13:23

Earlier today I came across this interesting article on tuning your SSD drive to achieve greater performance. It is worth noting that this article is intended for Linux and when it mentions setting your file systems mount options with noatime, this too is relevant for file systems that support such an option.

I would also take the time to read the comments. There are some distribution specific responses to the author’s notes.

16. October 2009

nixCraft article: Linux Tuning The VM (memory) Subsystem

Filed under: Virtual Memory, System, Linux — admin @ 08:26

Linked off of www.linuxleak.com, today I found this interesting article on “Linux Tuning The VM (memory) Subsystem.” The author also offers some suggestions for a more efficient computing environment.

8. October 2009

FlexTk article: NAS Performance Comparison

Filed under: Red Hat, Storage, OpenSolaris, File Systems, Ubuntu, Microsoft, Linux, UNIX — admin @ 14:11

Linked from linuxtoday.com, I found an interesting article posted on FlexTk regarding NAS Performance Comparisons between Linux, Windows and OpenSolaris. The results are very interesting. Under each category, comparisons are drawn between:

  • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3 (64-bit)
  • Ubuntu Server 9.04 (64-bit)
  • OpenSolaris 2009.06 (64-bit)
  • Windows Server 2003 (64-bit)
  • Windows Server 2008 (64-bit)
  • Windows Storage Server 2008 (64-bit)

I assume that each operating system is utilizing the default file systems with default settings for that specific release. Red Hat and Ubuntu should be using Ext3-fs, Windows obviously uses NTFS while OpenSolaris is built on top of ZFS. The CIFS/NFS exported share(s) in turn are running on top of these defaulted file systems. Either way, with average overall performance, OpenSolaris seemed to really shine. It also did well in some of the other categories which made sense when knowing the design of the ZFS file system.

6. October 2009

New Article: Data Backup

Filed under: Storage, Linux — admin @ 09:44

Earlier this month Linux+ Magazine released their 4th quarter issue (4/2009) containing my article on The Linux RAM Disk. You can find my article on Data Backup for small-to-medium sized business environments in the next issue: 1/2010.

2. October 2009

LWN article: Log-structured file systems: There’s one in every SSD

Filed under: Storage, File Systems, Linux, UNIX — admin @ 08:39

Yesterday I came across this excellent article on log-structured file systems and their implementation on SSD technologies. It is worth the read.

Opinion: On pramfs and RAM based Linux file systems

Filed under: Storage, File Systems, Linux — admin @ 08:36

A few days ago I received the latest issue of Linux Journal Magazine. I must admit that one of the sections I look forward to reading is diff -u. This section summarizes the latest updates and discussions of the Linux kernel development community. It becomes much easier to read a summary as opposed to signing up for the mailing list because you will just get bombarded with e-mails which can be overwhelming the majority of the time.

While reading I came across a Montavista developed project called pramfs. In summary pramfs is a non-volatile RAM based file system, similar to your ramfs and tmpfs with a few differences to distinguish it from the others and in turn adapted for an embedded environment. Two obvious differences are that it is persistent like a traditional disk-based file system and does not reside in volatile DRAM. Pramfs is not new. It was originally announced back in 2004. It is designed to be a simplified file system that does not carry the same weight of the journal-based file systems.

Apparently there had been some problems with the patch being merged into the Linux kernel for a number of reasons. (1) Montavista was attempting to patent some of the concepts and algorithms used in the file system (in 2004) and (2) even after the dropped the idea of patenting their code, there was some discussion on the redundancy of having yet another file system implemented into the Linux kernel (in 2009). What that means, is that the Linux kernel already has two commonly used RAM file systems and a large number of other file systems. So why was there a need to write another one? Why couldn’t Montavista patch already existing code? (3) It is also not a full featured file system in that it does not support symbolic links.

I agree with this logic. Please do not misunderstand me. Montavista is a very respectable company that has done an excellent job in supporting embedded Linux. I am also glad to see them contribute to the kernel and in turn the community. But truth be told, tmpfs was build on top of the ramfs code. Why couldn’t pramfs follow the same course of development. The GPL makes it easy to not have to re-invent the wheel.

The two most noteworthy goals achieved for pramfs (1) is to work with NVRAM and (2) provide and interface that does not utilize the kernel page caching mechanism. By utilizing the DIRECTIO flag available in the 2.6 kernel, Montavista claims that I/O performance is increased significantly to an already high performing interface. Pramfs also allows the user to specify regions of memory for file system usage.

mount -t pramfs -o physaddr=0x1e000000,init=0x2000000 none /mnt/pramfs

With it working in non-volatile memory, the data contents will remain intact even after an expected/unexpected power cycle.

This concept got me thinking a bit. How difficult would it be to add some of these features in Ramfs? Ramfs offer some similar functionality as in it does not use the kernel’s page cache for file I/O.  Tmpfs was designed to offer that functionality along with additional file system control and limitations. Ramfs also has a slightly similar general file system layout. Sure a few structures and routines need to be redefined but that isn’t a big deal in the grand scheme of things.

I mention this in the light of some of the latest headlines circulating through the internet regarding Linux Torvalds’ comments on the kernel being bloated. Does the kernel leave room for additional “bloat” or would it be wiser to add on top of current features/functionality? I would love to read some of your opinions.

For more blog posts relating to RAM-based file systems and RAM Disk device drivers, you can find them posted here, here and here.

18. September 2009

Finding Easter Eggs…

Filed under: BSD, Red Hat, OpenSolaris, Solaris, Ubuntu, Microsoft, Linux, UNIX — admin @ 10:12

Yesterday afternoon I was really bored at work and had eventually navigated to a website dedicated to Easter Eggs that could be found on an operating system, software application and more. Naturally I went to the list of operating systems and started looking up the operating systems which were accessible to me. As I read through the Linux and UNIX related ones, I had already known some but there were a few that I was interested in trying.

Seeing how I was on an OpenSolaris laptop I decided to first look through the SunOS list. Unfortunately none of them seemed to work. It would appear that they were taken out. But I did remember one from many years ago that a friend (Marian Lakov) had shown me. Originally found on an installation of RHEL, it was in the man page for the xorg.conf file.

man page for xorg.conf 

Listed under the VIDEOADAPTER SECTION you will read the following: Nobody wants to say how this works. Maybe nobody knows…

If you know of any hidden secret(s) that is not listed on the site posted earlier, please feel free to share.

15. September 2009

TuxRadar Article: OpenSolaris vs. Linux

Filed under: OpenSolaris, Linux — admin @ 13:14

Here is an interesting article I stumbled on earlier today. This article is intended to inform a reader who is either not familiar with or new to the OpenSolaris environment with some preliminary information about the operating system. The writer does a fairly decent job in bringing up Linux comparisons for each OpenSolaris feature (if it exists).

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